If we live in a city, we may not give much importance to the way in which the water we use daily reaches our home. Even small cities usually have a home supply network, so all we need to know is how to open the tap to get the precious item. However, if we move beyond a city, the situation will surely be different. The water supply is now independent of our neighbor because each house has its own well and mechanical system to extract the water. At the heart of each extractor system, there is a pump, and this is just a simple example of the vast universe of water pumps.
What is a water pump for?
Today the use of water pumps extends to a wide variety of commercial, industrial, residential and agricultural applications, covering various situations such as the following:
Drain water from a basement.
Extract water from a well.
Move water from one place to another, even at different soil levels.
Increase the pressure or water flow.
Empty and fill swimming pools, ponds or hot tubs.
Drain shallow areas that are flooded.
Watergrass or agricultural areas in a traditional way or by sprinkling.
Distribute fertilizers and pesticides.
Perform various tasks in the area of construction.
What are the main types of water pumps?
Of the many classifications of water pumps, we will review only the most useful ones, which respond precisely to our needs.
For this purpose, a first classification is based on two extremely important parameters: the type of energy the pump motor receives to operate and the primary use of the pump.
There is a wide variety of water pump power systems: electricity (AC and DC voltage), fuel (naphtha or diesel), steam, water, hydraulic systems, natural gas systems, pneumatic or compressed air systems, systems manuals (remember the old well pumps) and solar energy systems. Of all, we will only deal with the most current commercialization: electricity and fuel.
As for the utilization of the pump, we've seen that there's also a good variety. However, there are four fundamental applications and those are the ones that detail the graph that follows. It should be noted that, regardless of the type or application and in addition to the surface ones, water pumps can also be submersible, that is, they can be introduced into the liquid that we need to lift or remove.
Water pump classification
A second classification, a touch more technical, is that the one that groups the water pumps consistent with their mode of operation. In this case, we have two main types:
a) Centrifugal pumps
They use a rotating impeller to move the water in the pump and pressurize the discharge flow. They can process all types of liquids (water, wine, milk, etc.), even of low viscosity. Most common uses:
Buildings: pump the water supply and in places where suction height is not required.
Water wells: water supply systems for domestic use.
Fire protection systems: provide a source of continuous pressure, but these pumps must comply with the relevant standards.
Hot water circulation: to move water in a closed system that requires a small hydrostatic load.
Black wells: they can be horizontal or vertical water pumps, operated by an automatic switch controlled by the float.
General applications: increase the pressure within the water intake.
b) Positive or volumetric displacement pumps
They provide a fixed amount of flow through the contraction and mechanical expansion of a flexible diaphragm. They can be reciprocating or rotary and are ideal in many industries that handle high viscosity liquids or where sensitive solids are present. They are recommended for combinations of low flow and high pressure, high viscosity liquids or other applications.
Components and operation of water pumps
Beyond the differences of each type of pump, in general, we can identify a series of components common to any kind of water pump. The following graphic mentions and describes them.
Main components of water pumps
In the figure below we see the components of a pump for clean water, used in domestic applications, gardens and rainwater intake, ponds, streams, and wells.
Parts of a water pump
Pressure tap
Water drain screw
Manometer
Suction connector
Water filling screw
Pressure switch
Power switch
The operation, both of motor pumps and water pumps, is very similar and centrifugal pumps are, by far, the world's largest production because they allow mobilizing much more water
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